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People and Things: A Behavioral Approach to Material Culture James M. Skibo, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Normal, IL Michael B. Schiffer, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ The core of archaeology is the relationship between people and things. Left without informants and, in many cases, textual data, archaeologists strive to reconstruct past life through the window of artifacts: things made, used, and modified by individuals while participating in the activities of everyday life. According to behavioral archaeologists, our ability to understand the relationship between people and things in the present is the foundation for archaeological reconstruction of the past. This comprehensive text sets forth a theory for understanding the relationship between people and things. Humans, whether in the distant past or in our current world, make choices while inventing, developing, replicating, adopting, and using their technologies. A wide arc of factors, from utilitarian to social and religious can affect these choices. The theoretical model presented here provides the means to understand how people, whether it be Paleolithic stone tool makers or 21st century computer designers and users, negotiate these myriad factors throughout the artifact’s life history. While setting forth a behavioral theory, the book also engages the ideas of other competing theories, focusing especially on agency, practice, and selectionism. Six case studies form the core of the book, and provide clear examples of how the theory can be applied to a range of artifacts and people from prehistoric North American ball courts and smudge pits to the first electric cars and 19th century electromagnetic telegraph technologies. This book provides the reader, for the first time between two covers, a wide array of examples that can guide their own work. Archaeology and anthropology graduate students will find this book of interest. Twenty years in the making, this work will be an essential tool for new scholars as well as experienced members in the field of archaeology or any researcher who investigates technology.

Material culture. --- Human behavior. --- Social archaeology. --- Archaeology --- Action, Human --- Behavior, Human --- Ethology --- Human action --- Human beings --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Psychology --- Social sciences --- Psychology, Comparative --- Culture --- Folklore --- Technology --- Methodology --- Behavior --- Archaeology. --- Anthropology. --- Life sciences. --- Life Sciences, general. --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Archeology --- Anthropology --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Antiquities --- Primitive societies

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Memory --- Human behavior --- Retention (Psychology) --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Comprehension --- Executive functions (Neuropsychology) --- Mnemonics --- Perseveration (Psychology) --- Reproduction (Psychology) --- Action, Human --- Behavior, Human --- Ethology --- Human action --- Human beings --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Social sciences --- Psychology, Comparative --- Behavior --- Mémoire --- Vie quotidienne --- Memory.

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Advances in the Study of Behavior was initiated over 40 years ago to serve the increasing number of scientists engaged in the study of animal behavior. That number is still expanding. This volume makes another important ""contribution to the development of the field"" by presenting theoretical ideas and research to those studying animal behavior and to their colleagues in neighboring fields. Advances in the Study of Behavior is now available online at ScienceDirect - full-text online from volume 30 onward.

Animal behavior. --- Human behavior. --- Psychology, Comparative. --- Behavior, Comparative --- Comparative behavior --- Comparative psychology --- Ethology, Comparative --- Intelligence of animals --- Zoology --- Animal behavior --- Animal intelligence --- Animal psychology --- Human behavior --- Instinct --- Action, Human --- Behavior, Human --- Ethology --- Human action --- Human beings --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Psychology --- Social sciences --- Psychology, Comparative --- Animals --- Animals, Habits and behavior of --- Behavior, Animal --- Ethologists --- Behavior

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Psychology, Military. --- Sociology, Military. --- Human behavior --- Organizational behavior --- Behavior in organizations --- Management --- Organization --- Psychology, Industrial --- Social psychology --- Action, Human --- Behavior, Human --- Ethology --- Human action --- Human beings --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Psychology --- Social sciences --- Psychology, Comparative --- Military sociology --- Armed Forces --- Armies --- Peace --- War --- War and society --- Military psychology --- Psychology, Applied --- Sociology, Military --- Military morale --- Operational psychology --- Simulation methods. --- Behavior --- Psychology, Military --- 681.3*I21 --- 681.3*J1 --- 681.3*J4 --- 681.3*J4 Social and behavioral sciences (Computer applications) --- Social and behavioral sciences (Computer applications) --- 681.3*J1 Administrative data processing (Computer applications) --- Administrative data processing (Computer applications) --- 681.3*I21 Applications and expert systems (Artificial intelligence). Cartography. Games. Industrial automation. Law. Medicine and science. Natural language interfaces. Office automation--See also {681.3*H4}; {681.3*J} --- Applications and expert systems (Artificial intelligence). Cartography. Games. Industrial automation. Law. Medicine and science. Natural language interfaces. Office automation--See also {681.3*H4}; {681.3*J} --- Simulation methods

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This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed joint post-workshop proceedings of two co-located events: the Second International Workshop on Classification of Events, Activities and Relationships, CLEAR 2007, and the 5th Rich Transcription 2007 Meeting Recognition evaluation, RT 2007, held in succession in Baltimore, MD, USA, in May 2007. The workshops had complementary evaluation efforts; CLEAR for the evaluation of human activities, events, and relationships in multiple multimodal data domains; and RT for the evaluation of speech transcription-related technologies from meeting room audio collections. The 35 revised full papers presented from CLEAR 2007 cover 3D person tracking, 2D face detection and tracking, person and vehicle tracking on surveillance data, vehicle and person tracking aerial videos, person identification, head pose estimation, and acoustic event detection. The 15 revised full papers presented from RT 2007 are organized in topical sections on speech-to-text, and speaker diarization.

Biometric identification --- Pattern recognition systems --- Imaging systems --- Human behavior --- Social interaction --- Technological innovations --- Evaluation --- Observations --- Data processing --- Radar --- Remote sensing --- Television --- Scanning systems --- Pattern classification systems --- Pattern recognition computers --- Pattern perception --- Computer vision --- Biometric person authentication --- Biometrics (Identification) --- Anthropometry --- Identification --- Human interaction --- Interaction, Social --- Symbolic interaction --- Exchange theory (Sociology) --- Psychology --- Social psychology --- Action, Human --- Behavior, Human --- Ethology --- Human action --- Human beings --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Social sciences --- Psychology, Comparative --- Equipment and supplies --- Behavior --- Optical pattern recognition. --- Computer science. --- Computer vision. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer graphics. --- Pattern Recognition. --- Programming Techniques. --- Computer Applications. --- Image Processing and Computer Vision. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Computer Graphics. --- Automatic drafting --- Graphic data processing --- Graphics, Computer --- Computer art --- Graphic arts --- Electronic data processing --- Engineering graphics --- Image processing --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Machine vision --- Vision, Computer --- Artificial intelligence --- Informatics --- Science --- Optical data processing --- Perceptrons --- Visual discrimination --- Digital techniques --- Pattern recognition. --- Computer programming. --- Application software. --- Optical data processing. --- Optical computing --- Visual data processing --- Integrated optics --- Photonics --- Computers --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software --- Electronic computer programming --- Electronic digital computers --- Programming (Electronic computers) --- Coding theory --- Design perception --- Pattern recognition --- Form perception --- Perception --- Figure-ground perception --- Optical equipment --- Programming